from __future__ import annotations from typing import Callable from itertools import product from .sympify import _sympify from .cache import cacheit from .singleton import S from .expr import Expr from .evalf import PrecisionExhausted from .function import (expand_complex, expand_multinomial, expand_mul, _mexpand, PoleError) from .logic import fuzzy_bool, fuzzy_not, fuzzy_and, fuzzy_or from .parameters import global_parameters from .relational import is_gt, is_lt from .kind import NumberKind, UndefinedKind from sympy.utilities.iterables import sift from sympy.utilities.exceptions import sympy_deprecation_warning from sympy.utilities.misc import as_int from sympy.multipledispatch import Dispatcher class Pow(Expr): """ Defines the expression x**y as "x raised to a power y" .. deprecated:: 1.7 Using arguments that aren't subclasses of :class:`~.Expr` in core operators (:class:`~.Mul`, :class:`~.Add`, and :class:`~.Pow`) is deprecated. See :ref:`non-expr-args-deprecated` for details. Singleton definitions involving (0, 1, -1, oo, -oo, I, -I): +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | expr | value | reason | +==============+=========+===============================================+ | z**0 | 1 | Although arguments over 0**0 exist, see [2]. | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | z**1 | z | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | (-oo)**(-1) | 0 | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | (-1)**-1 | -1 | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | S.Zero**-1 | zoo | This is not strictly true, as 0**-1 may be | | | | undefined, but is convenient in some contexts | | | | where the base is assumed to be positive. | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | 1**-1 | 1 | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | oo**-1 | 0 | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | 0**oo | 0 | Because for all complex numbers z near | | | | 0, z**oo -> 0. | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | 0**-oo | zoo | This is not strictly true, as 0**oo may be | | | | oscillating between positive and negative | | | | values or rotating in the complex plane. | | | | It is convenient, however, when the base | | | | is positive. | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | 1**oo | nan | Because there are various cases where | | 1**-oo | | lim(x(t),t)=1, lim(y(t),t)=oo (or -oo), | | | | but lim( x(t)**y(t), t) != 1. See [3]. | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | b**zoo | nan | Because b**z has no limit as z -> zoo | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | (-1)**oo | nan | Because of oscillations in the limit. | | (-1)**(-oo) | | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | oo**oo | oo | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | oo**-oo | 0 | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | (-oo)**oo | nan | | | (-oo)**-oo | | | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | oo**I | nan | oo**e could probably be best thought of as | | (-oo)**I | | the limit of x**e for real x as x tends to | | | | oo. If e is I, then the limit does not exist | | | | and nan is used to indicate that. | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | oo**(1+I) | zoo | If the real part of e is positive, then the | | (-oo)**(1+I) | | limit of abs(x**e) is oo. So the limit value | | | | is zoo. | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ | oo**(-1+I) | 0 | If the real part of e is negative, then the | | -oo**(-1+I) | | limit is 0. | +--------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------+ Because symbolic computations are more flexible than floating point calculations and we prefer to never return an incorrect answer, we choose not to conform to all IEEE 754 conventions. This helps us avoid extra test-case code in the calculation of limits. See Also ======== sympy.core.numbers.Infinity sympy.core.numbers.NegativeInfinity sympy.core.numbers.NaN References ========== .. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation .. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_to_the_power_of_zero .. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate_forms """ is_Pow = True __slots__ = ('is_commutative',) args: tuple[Expr, Expr] _args: tuple[Expr, Expr] @cacheit def __new__(cls, b, e, evaluate=None): if evaluate is None: evaluate = global_parameters.evaluate b = _sympify(b) e = _sympify(e) # XXX: This can be removed when non-Expr args are disallowed rather # than deprecated. from .relational import Relational if isinstance(b, Relational) or isinstance(e, Relational): raise TypeError('Relational cannot be used in Pow') # XXX: This should raise TypeError once deprecation period is over: for arg in [b, e]: if not isinstance(arg, Expr): sympy_deprecation_warning( f""" Using non-Expr arguments in Pow is deprecated (in this case, one of the arguments is of type {type(arg).__name__!r}). If you really did intend to construct a power with this base, use the ** operator instead.""", deprecated_since_version="1.7", active_deprecations_target="non-expr-args-deprecated", stacklevel=4, ) if evaluate: if e is S.ComplexInfinity: return S.NaN if e is S.Infinity: if is_gt(b, S.One): return S.Infinity if is_gt(b, S.NegativeOne) and is_lt(b, S.One): return S.Zero if is_lt(b, S.NegativeOne): if b.is_finite: return S.ComplexInfinity if b.is_finite is False: return S.NaN if e is S.Zero: return S.One elif e is S.One: return b elif e == -1 and not b: return S.ComplexInfinity elif e.__class__.__name__ == "AccumulationBounds": if b == S.Exp1: from sympy.calculus.accumulationbounds import AccumBounds return AccumBounds(Pow(b, e.min), Pow(b, e.max)) # autosimplification if base is a number and exp odd/even # if base is Number then the base will end up positive; we # do not do this with arbitrary expressions since symbolic # cancellation might occur as in (x - 1)/(1 - x) -> -1. If # we returned Piecewise((-1, Ne(x, 1))) for such cases then # we could do this...but we don't elif (e.is_Symbol and e.is_integer or e.is_Integer ) and (b.is_number and b.is_Mul or b.is_Number ) and b.could_extract_minus_sign(): if e.is_even: b = -b elif e.is_odd: return -Pow(-b, e) if S.NaN in (b, e): # XXX S.NaN**x -> S.NaN under assumption that x != 0 return S.NaN elif b is S.One: if abs(e).is_infinite: return S.NaN return S.One else: # recognize base as E from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp_polar if not e.is_Atom and b is not S.Exp1 and not isinstance(b, exp_polar): from .exprtools import factor_terms from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import log from sympy.simplify.radsimp import fraction c, ex = factor_terms(e, sign=False).as_coeff_Mul() num, den = fraction(ex) if isinstance(den, log) and den.args[0] == b: return S.Exp1**(c*num) elif den.is_Add: from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import sign, im s = sign(im(b)) if s.is_Number and s and den == \ log(-factor_terms(b, sign=False)) + s*S.ImaginaryUnit*S.Pi: return S.Exp1**(c*num) obj = b._eval_power(e) if obj is not None: return obj obj = Expr.__new__(cls, b, e) obj = cls._exec_constructor_postprocessors(obj) if not isinstance(obj, Pow): return obj obj.is_commutative = (b.is_commutative and e.is_commutative) return obj def inverse(self, argindex=1): if self.base == S.Exp1: from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import log return log return None @property def base(self) -> Expr: return self._args[0] @property def exp(self) -> Expr: return self._args[1] @property def kind(self): if self.exp.kind is NumberKind: return self.base.kind else: return UndefinedKind @classmethod def class_key(cls): return 3, 2, cls.__name__ def _eval_refine(self, assumptions): from sympy.assumptions.ask import ask, Q b, e = self.as_base_exp() if ask(Q.integer(e), assumptions) and b.could_extract_minus_sign(): if ask(Q.even(e), assumptions): return Pow(-b, e) elif ask(Q.odd(e), assumptions): return -Pow(-b, e) def _eval_power(self, other): b, e = self.as_base_exp() if b is S.NaN: return (b**e)**other # let __new__ handle it s = None if other.is_integer: s = 1 elif b.is_polar: # e.g. exp_polar, besselj, var('p', polar=True)... s = 1 elif e.is_extended_real is not None: from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import arg, im, re, sign from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp, log from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import floor # helper functions =========================== def _half(e): """Return True if the exponent has a literal 2 as the denominator, else None.""" if getattr(e, 'q', None) == 2: return True n, d = e.as_numer_denom() if n.is_integer and d == 2: return True def _n2(e): """Return ``e`` evaluated to a Number with 2 significant digits, else None.""" try: rv = e.evalf(2, strict=True) if rv.is_Number: return rv except PrecisionExhausted: pass # =================================================== if e.is_extended_real: # we need _half(other) with constant floor or # floor(S.Half - e*arg(b)/2/pi) == 0 # handle -1 as special case if e == -1: # floor arg. is 1/2 + arg(b)/2/pi if _half(other): if b.is_negative is True: return S.NegativeOne**other*Pow(-b, e*other) elif b.is_negative is False: # XXX ok if im(b) != 0? return Pow(b, -other) elif e.is_even: if b.is_extended_real: b = abs(b) if b.is_imaginary: b = abs(im(b))*S.ImaginaryUnit if (abs(e) < 1) == True or e == 1: s = 1 # floor = 0 elif b.is_extended_nonnegative: s = 1 # floor = 0 elif re(b).is_extended_nonnegative and (abs(e) < 2) == True: s = 1 # floor = 0 elif _half(other): s = exp(2*S.Pi*S.ImaginaryUnit*other*floor( S.Half - e*arg(b)/(2*S.Pi))) if s.is_extended_real and _n2(sign(s) - s) == 0: s = sign(s) else: s = None else: # e.is_extended_real is False requires: # _half(other) with constant floor or # floor(S.Half - im(e*log(b))/2/pi) == 0 try: s = exp(2*S.ImaginaryUnit*S.Pi*other* floor(S.Half - im(e*log(b))/2/S.Pi)) # be careful to test that s is -1 or 1 b/c sign(I) == I: # so check that s is real if s.is_extended_real and _n2(sign(s) - s) == 0: s = sign(s) else: s = None except PrecisionExhausted: s = None if s is not None: return s*Pow(b, e*other) def _eval_Mod(self, q): r"""A dispatched function to compute `b^e \bmod q`, dispatched by ``Mod``. Notes ===== Algorithms: 1. For unevaluated integer power, use built-in ``pow`` function with 3 arguments, if powers are not too large wrt base. 2. For very large powers, use totient reduction if $e \ge \log(m)$. Bound on m, is for safe factorization memory wise i.e. $m^{1/4}$. For pollard-rho to be faster than built-in pow $\log(e) > m^{1/4}$ check is added. 3. For any unevaluated power found in `b` or `e`, the step 2 will be recursed down to the base and the exponent such that the $b \bmod q$ becomes the new base and $\phi(q) + e \bmod \phi(q)$ becomes the new exponent, and then the computation for the reduced expression can be done. """ base, exp = self.base, self.exp if exp.is_integer and exp.is_positive: if q.is_integer and base % q == 0: return S.Zero from sympy.functions.combinatorial.numbers import totient if base.is_Integer and exp.is_Integer and q.is_Integer: b, e, m = int(base), int(exp), int(q) mb = m.bit_length() if mb <= 80 and e >= mb and e.bit_length()**4 >= m: phi = int(totient(m)) return Integer(pow(b, phi + e%phi, m)) return Integer(pow(b, e, m)) from .mod import Mod if isinstance(base, Pow) and base.is_integer and base.is_number: base = Mod(base, q) return Mod(Pow(base, exp, evaluate=False), q) if isinstance(exp, Pow) and exp.is_integer and exp.is_number: bit_length = int(q).bit_length() # XXX Mod-Pow actually attempts to do a hanging evaluation # if this dispatched function returns None. # May need some fixes in the dispatcher itself. if bit_length <= 80: phi = totient(q) exp = phi + Mod(exp, phi) return Mod(Pow(base, exp, evaluate=False), q) def _eval_is_even(self): if self.exp.is_integer and self.exp.is_positive: return self.base.is_even def _eval_is_negative(self): ext_neg = Pow._eval_is_extended_negative(self) if ext_neg is True: return self.is_finite return ext_neg def _eval_is_extended_positive(self): if self.base == self.exp: if self.base.is_extended_nonnegative: return True elif self.base.is_positive: if self.exp.is_real: return True elif self.base.is_extended_negative: if self.exp.is_even: return True if self.exp.is_odd: return False elif self.base.is_zero: if self.exp.is_extended_real: return self.exp.is_zero elif self.base.is_extended_nonpositive: if self.exp.is_odd: return False elif self.base.is_imaginary: if self.exp.is_integer: m = self.exp % 4 if m.is_zero: return True if m.is_integer and m.is_zero is False: return False if self.exp.is_imaginary: from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import log return log(self.base).is_imaginary def _eval_is_extended_negative(self): if self.exp is S.Half: if self.base.is_complex or self.base.is_extended_real: return False if self.base.is_extended_negative: if self.exp.is_odd and self.base.is_finite: return True if self.exp.is_even: return False elif self.base.is_extended_positive: if self.exp.is_extended_real: return False elif self.base.is_zero: if self.exp.is_extended_real: return False elif self.base.is_extended_nonnegative: if self.exp.is_extended_nonnegative: return False elif self.base.is_extended_nonpositive: if self.exp.is_even: return False elif self.base.is_extended_real: if self.exp.is_even: return False def _eval_is_zero(self): if self.base.is_zero: if self.exp.is_extended_positive: return True elif self.exp.is_extended_nonpositive: return False elif self.base == S.Exp1: return self.exp is S.NegativeInfinity elif self.base.is_zero is False: if self.base.is_finite and self.exp.is_finite: return False elif self.exp.is_negative: return self.base.is_infinite elif self.exp.is_nonnegative: return False elif self.exp.is_infinite and self.exp.is_extended_real: if (1 - abs(self.base)).is_extended_positive: return self.exp.is_extended_positive elif (1 - abs(self.base)).is_extended_negative: return self.exp.is_extended_negative elif self.base.is_finite and self.exp.is_negative: # when self.base.is_zero is None return False def _eval_is_integer(self): b, e = self.args if b.is_rational: if b.is_integer is False and e.is_positive: return False # rat**nonneg if b.is_integer and e.is_integer: if b is S.NegativeOne: return True if e.is_nonnegative or e.is_positive: return True if b.is_integer and e.is_negative and (e.is_finite or e.is_integer): if fuzzy_not((b - 1).is_zero) and fuzzy_not((b + 1).is_zero): return False if b.is_Number and e.is_Number: check = self.func(*self.args) return check.is_Integer if e.is_negative and b.is_positive and (b - 1).is_positive: return False if e.is_negative and b.is_negative and (b + 1).is_negative: return False def _eval_is_extended_real(self): if self.base is S.Exp1: if self.exp.is_extended_real: return True elif self.exp.is_imaginary: return (2*S.ImaginaryUnit*self.exp/S.Pi).is_even from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import log, exp real_b = self.base.is_extended_real if real_b is None: if self.base.func == exp and self.base.exp.is_imaginary: return self.exp.is_imaginary if self.base.func == Pow and self.base.base is S.Exp1 and self.base.exp.is_imaginary: return self.exp.is_imaginary return real_e = self.exp.is_extended_real if real_e is None: return if real_b and real_e: if self.base.is_extended_positive: return True elif self.base.is_extended_nonnegative and self.exp.is_extended_nonnegative: return True elif self.exp.is_integer and self.base.is_extended_nonzero: return True elif self.exp.is_integer and self.exp.is_nonnegative: return True elif self.base.is_extended_negative: if self.exp.is_Rational: return False if real_e and self.exp.is_extended_negative and self.base.is_zero is False: return Pow(self.base, -self.exp).is_extended_real im_b = self.base.is_imaginary im_e = self.exp.is_imaginary if im_b: if self.exp.is_integer: if self.exp.is_even: return True elif self.exp.is_odd: return False elif im_e and log(self.base).is_imaginary: return True elif self.exp.is_Add: c, a = self.exp.as_coeff_Add() if c and c.is_Integer: return Mul( self.base**c, self.base**a, evaluate=False).is_extended_real elif self.base in (-S.ImaginaryUnit, S.ImaginaryUnit): if (self.exp/2).is_integer is False: return False if real_b and im_e: if self.base is S.NegativeOne: return True c = self.exp.coeff(S.ImaginaryUnit) if c: if self.base.is_rational and c.is_rational: if self.base.is_nonzero and (self.base - 1).is_nonzero and c.is_nonzero: return False ok = (c*log(self.base)/S.Pi).is_integer if ok is not None: return ok if real_b is False and real_e: # we already know it's not imag if isinstance(self.exp, Rational) and self.exp.p == 1: return False from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import arg i = arg(self.base)*self.exp/S.Pi if i.is_complex: # finite return i.is_integer def _eval_is_complex(self): if self.base == S.Exp1: return fuzzy_or([self.exp.is_complex, self.exp.is_extended_negative]) if all(a.is_complex for a in self.args) and self._eval_is_finite(): return True def _eval_is_imaginary(self): if self.base.is_commutative is False: return False if self.base.is_imaginary: if self.exp.is_integer: odd = self.exp.is_odd if odd is not None: return odd return if self.base == S.Exp1: f = 2 * self.exp / (S.Pi*S.ImaginaryUnit) # exp(pi*integer) = 1 or -1, so not imaginary if f.is_even: return False # exp(pi*integer + pi/2) = I or -I, so it is imaginary if f.is_odd: return True return None if self.exp.is_imaginary: from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import log imlog = log(self.base).is_imaginary if imlog is not None: return False # I**i -> real; (2*I)**i -> complex ==> not imaginary if self.base.is_extended_real and self.exp.is_extended_real: if self.base.is_positive: return False else: rat = self.exp.is_rational if not rat: return rat if self.exp.is_integer: return False else: half = (2*self.exp).is_integer if half: return self.base.is_negative return half if self.base.is_extended_real is False: # we already know it's not imag from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import arg i = arg(self.base)*self.exp/S.Pi isodd = (2*i).is_odd if isodd is not None: return isodd def _eval_is_odd(self): if self.exp.is_integer: if self.exp.is_positive: return self.base.is_odd elif self.exp.is_nonnegative and self.base.is_odd: return True elif self.base is S.NegativeOne: return True def _eval_is_finite(self): if self.exp.is_negative: if self.base.is_zero: return False if self.base.is_infinite or self.base.is_nonzero: return True c1 = self.base.is_finite if c1 is None: return c2 = self.exp.is_finite if c2 is None: return if c1 and c2: if self.exp.is_nonnegative or fuzzy_not(self.base.is_zero): return True def _eval_is_prime(self): ''' An integer raised to the n(>=2)-th power cannot be a prime. ''' if self.base.is_integer and self.exp.is_integer and (self.exp - 1).is_positive: return False def _eval_is_composite(self): """ A power is composite if both base and exponent are greater than 1 """ if (self.base.is_integer and self.exp.is_integer and ((self.base - 1).is_positive and (self.exp - 1).is_positive or (self.base + 1).is_negative and self.exp.is_positive and self.exp.is_even)): return True def _eval_is_polar(self): return self.base.is_polar def _eval_subs(self, old, new): from sympy.calculus.accumulationbounds import AccumBounds if isinstance(self.exp, AccumBounds): b = self.base.subs(old, new) e = self.exp.subs(old, new) if isinstance(e, AccumBounds): return e.__rpow__(b) return self.func(b, e) from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp, log def _check(ct1, ct2, old): """Return (bool, pow, remainder_pow) where, if bool is True, then the exponent of Pow `old` will combine with `pow` so the substitution is valid, otherwise bool will be False. For noncommutative objects, `pow` will be an integer, and a factor `Pow(old.base, remainder_pow)` needs to be included. If there is no such factor, None is returned. For commutative objects, remainder_pow is always None. cti are the coefficient and terms of an exponent of self or old In this _eval_subs routine a change like (b**(2*x)).subs(b**x, y) will give y**2 since (b**x)**2 == b**(2*x); if that equality does not hold then the substitution should not occur so `bool` will be False. """ coeff1, terms1 = ct1 coeff2, terms2 = ct2 if terms1 == terms2: if old.is_commutative: # Allow fractional powers for commutative objects pow = coeff1/coeff2 try: as_int(pow, strict=False) combines = True except ValueError: b, e = old.as_base_exp() # These conditions ensure that (b**e)**f == b**(e*f) for any f combines = b.is_positive and e.is_real or b.is_nonnegative and e.is_nonnegative return combines, pow, None else: # With noncommutative symbols, substitute only integer powers if not isinstance(terms1, tuple): terms1 = (terms1,) if not all(term.is_integer for term in terms1): return False, None, None try: # Round pow toward zero pow, remainder = divmod(as_int(coeff1), as_int(coeff2)) if pow < 0 and remainder != 0: pow += 1 remainder -= as_int(coeff2) if remainder == 0: remainder_pow = None else: remainder_pow = Mul(remainder, *terms1) return True, pow, remainder_pow except ValueError: # Can't substitute pass return False, None, None if old == self.base or (old == exp and self.base == S.Exp1): if new.is_Function and isinstance(new, Callable): return new(self.exp._subs(old, new)) else: return new**self.exp._subs(old, new) # issue 10829: (4**x - 3*y + 2).subs(2**x, y) -> y**2 - 3*y + 2 if isinstance(old, self.func) and self.exp == old.exp: l = log(self.base, old.base) if l.is_Number: return Pow(new, l) if isinstance(old, self.func) and self.base == old.base: if self.exp.is_Add is False: ct1 = self.exp.as_independent(Symbol, as_Add=False) ct2 = old.exp.as_independent(Symbol, as_Add=False) ok, pow, remainder_pow = _check(ct1, ct2, old) if ok: # issue 5180: (x**(6*y)).subs(x**(3*y),z)->z**2 result = self.func(new, pow) if remainder_pow is not None: result = Mul(result, Pow(old.base, remainder_pow)) return result else: # b**(6*x + a).subs(b**(3*x), y) -> y**2 * b**a # exp(exp(x) + exp(x**2)).subs(exp(exp(x)), w) -> w * exp(exp(x**2)) oarg = old.exp new_l = [] o_al = [] ct2 = oarg.as_coeff_mul() for a in self.exp.args: newa = a._subs(old, new) ct1 = newa.as_coeff_mul() ok, pow, remainder_pow = _check(ct1, ct2, old) if ok: new_l.append(new**pow) if remainder_pow is not None: o_al.append(remainder_pow) continue elif not old.is_commutative and not newa.is_integer: # If any term in the exponent is non-integer, # we do not do any substitutions in the noncommutative case return o_al.append(newa) if new_l: expo = Add(*o_al) new_l.append(Pow(self.base, expo, evaluate=False) if expo != 1 else self.base) return Mul(*new_l) if (isinstance(old, exp) or (old.is_Pow and old.base is S.Exp1)) and self.exp.is_extended_real and self.base.is_positive: ct1 = old.exp.as_independent(Symbol, as_Add=False) ct2 = (self.exp*log(self.base)).as_independent( Symbol, as_Add=False) ok, pow, remainder_pow = _check(ct1, ct2, old) if ok: result = self.func(new, pow) # (2**x).subs(exp(x*log(2)), z) -> z if remainder_pow is not None: result = Mul(result, Pow(old.base, remainder_pow)) return result def as_base_exp(self): """Return base and exp of self. Explanation =========== If base a Rational less than 1, then return 1/Rational, -exp. If this extra processing is not needed, the base and exp properties will give the raw arguments. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import Pow, S >>> p = Pow(S.Half, 2, evaluate=False) >>> p.as_base_exp() (2, -2) >>> p.args (1/2, 2) >>> p.base, p.exp (1/2, 2) """ b, e = self.args if b.is_Rational and b.p < b.q and b.p > 0: return 1/b, -e return b, e def _eval_adjoint(self): from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import adjoint i, p = self.exp.is_integer, self.base.is_positive if i: return adjoint(self.base)**self.exp if p: return self.base**adjoint(self.exp) if i is False and p is False: expanded = expand_complex(self) if expanded != self: return adjoint(expanded) def _eval_conjugate(self): from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import conjugate as c i, p = self.exp.is_integer, self.base.is_positive if i: return c(self.base)**self.exp if p: return self.base**c(self.exp) if i is False and p is False: expanded = expand_complex(self) if expanded != self: return c(expanded) if self.is_extended_real: return self def _eval_transpose(self): from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import transpose if self.base == S.Exp1: return self.func(S.Exp1, self.exp.transpose()) i, p = self.exp.is_integer, (self.base.is_complex or self.base.is_infinite) if p: return self.base**self.exp if i: return transpose(self.base)**self.exp if i is False and p is False: expanded = expand_complex(self) if expanded != self: return transpose(expanded) def _eval_expand_power_exp(self, **hints): """a**(n + m) -> a**n*a**m""" b = self.base e = self.exp if b == S.Exp1: from sympy.concrete.summations import Sum if isinstance(e, Sum) and e.is_commutative: from sympy.concrete.products import Product return Product(self.func(b, e.function), *e.limits) if e.is_Add and (hints.get('force', False) or b.is_zero is False or e._all_nonneg_or_nonppos()): if e.is_commutative: return Mul(*[self.func(b, x) for x in e.args]) if b.is_commutative: c, nc = sift(e.args, lambda x: x.is_commutative, binary=True) if c: return Mul(*[self.func(b, x) for x in c] )*b**Add._from_args(nc) return self def _eval_expand_power_base(self, **hints): """(a*b)**n -> a**n * b**n""" force = hints.get('force', False) b = self.base e = self.exp if not b.is_Mul: return self cargs, nc = b.args_cnc(split_1=False) # expand each term - this is top-level-only # expansion but we have to watch out for things # that don't have an _eval_expand method if nc: nc = [i._eval_expand_power_base(**hints) if hasattr(i, '_eval_expand_power_base') else i for i in nc] if e.is_Integer: if e.is_positive: rv = Mul(*nc*e) else: rv = Mul(*[i**-1 for i in nc[::-1]]*-e) if cargs: rv *= Mul(*cargs)**e return rv if not cargs: return self.func(Mul(*nc), e, evaluate=False) nc = [Mul(*nc)] # sift the commutative bases other, maybe_real = sift(cargs, lambda x: x.is_extended_real is False, binary=True) def pred(x): if x is S.ImaginaryUnit: return S.ImaginaryUnit polar = x.is_polar if polar: return True if polar is None: return fuzzy_bool(x.is_extended_nonnegative) sifted = sift(maybe_real, pred) nonneg = sifted[True] other += sifted[None] neg = sifted[False] imag = sifted[S.ImaginaryUnit] if imag: I = S.ImaginaryUnit i = len(imag) % 4 if i == 0: pass elif i == 1: other.append(I) elif i == 2: if neg: nonn = -neg.pop() if nonn is not S.One: nonneg.append(nonn) else: neg.append(S.NegativeOne) else: if neg: nonn = -neg.pop() if nonn is not S.One: nonneg.append(nonn) else: neg.append(S.NegativeOne) other.append(I) del imag # bring out the bases that can be separated from the base if force or e.is_integer: # treat all commutatives the same and put nc in other cargs = nonneg + neg + other other = nc else: # this is just like what is happening automatically, except # that now we are doing it for an arbitrary exponent for which # no automatic expansion is done assert not e.is_Integer # handle negatives by making them all positive and putting # the residual -1 in other if len(neg) > 1: o = S.One if not other and neg[0].is_Number: o *= neg.pop(0) if len(neg) % 2: o = -o for n in neg: nonneg.append(-n) if o is not S.One: other.append(o) elif neg and other: if neg[0].is_Number and neg[0] is not S.NegativeOne: other.append(S.NegativeOne) nonneg.append(-neg[0]) else: other.extend(neg) else: other.extend(neg) del neg cargs = nonneg other += nc rv = S.One if cargs: if e.is_Rational: npow, cargs = sift(cargs, lambda x: x.is_Pow and x.exp.is_Rational and x.base.is_number, binary=True) rv = Mul(*[self.func(b.func(*b.args), e) for b in npow]) rv *= Mul(*[self.func(b, e, evaluate=False) for b in cargs]) if other: rv *= self.func(Mul(*other), e, evaluate=False) return rv def _eval_expand_multinomial(self, **hints): """(a + b + ..)**n -> a**n + n*a**(n-1)*b + .., n is nonzero integer""" base, exp = self.args result = self if exp.is_Rational and exp.p > 0 and base.is_Add: if not exp.is_Integer: n = Integer(exp.p // exp.q) if not n: return result else: radical, result = self.func(base, exp - n), [] expanded_base_n = self.func(base, n) if expanded_base_n.is_Pow: expanded_base_n = \ expanded_base_n._eval_expand_multinomial() for term in Add.make_args(expanded_base_n): result.append(term*radical) return Add(*result) n = int(exp) if base.is_commutative: order_terms, other_terms = [], [] for b in base.args: if b.is_Order: order_terms.append(b) else: other_terms.append(b) if order_terms: # (f(x) + O(x^n))^m -> f(x)^m + m*f(x)^{m-1} *O(x^n) f = Add(*other_terms) o = Add(*order_terms) if n == 2: return expand_multinomial(f**n, deep=False) + n*f*o else: g = expand_multinomial(f**(n - 1), deep=False) return expand_mul(f*g, deep=False) + n*g*o if base.is_number: # Efficiently expand expressions of the form (a + b*I)**n # where 'a' and 'b' are real numbers and 'n' is integer. a, b = base.as_real_imag() if a.is_Rational and b.is_Rational: if not a.is_Integer: if not b.is_Integer: k = self.func(a.q * b.q, n) a, b = a.p*b.q, a.q*b.p else: k = self.func(a.q, n) a, b = a.p, a.q*b elif not b.is_Integer: k = self.func(b.q, n) a, b = a*b.q, b.p else: k = 1 a, b, c, d = int(a), int(b), 1, 0 while n: if n & 1: c, d = a*c - b*d, b*c + a*d n -= 1 a, b = a*a - b*b, 2*a*b n //= 2 I = S.ImaginaryUnit if k == 1: return c + I*d else: return Integer(c)/k + I*d/k p = other_terms # (x + y)**3 -> x**3 + 3*x**2*y + 3*x*y**2 + y**3 # in this particular example: # p = [x,y]; n = 3 # so now it's easy to get the correct result -- we get the # coefficients first: from sympy.ntheory.multinomial import multinomial_coefficients from sympy.polys.polyutils import basic_from_dict expansion_dict = multinomial_coefficients(len(p), n) # in our example: {(3, 0): 1, (1, 2): 3, (0, 3): 1, (2, 1): 3} # and now construct the expression. return basic_from_dict(expansion_dict, *p) else: if n == 2: return Add(*[f*g for f in base.args for g in base.args]) else: multi = (base**(n - 1))._eval_expand_multinomial() if multi.is_Add: return Add(*[f*g for f in base.args for g in multi.args]) else: # XXX can this ever happen if base was an Add? return Add(*[f*multi for f in base.args]) elif (exp.is_Rational and exp.p < 0 and base.is_Add and abs(exp.p) > exp.q): return 1 / self.func(base, -exp)._eval_expand_multinomial() elif exp.is_Add and base.is_Number and (hints.get('force', False) or base.is_zero is False or exp._all_nonneg_or_nonppos()): # a + b a b # n --> n n, where n, a, b are Numbers # XXX should be in expand_power_exp? coeff, tail = [], [] for term in exp.args: if term.is_Number: coeff.append(self.func(base, term)) else: tail.append(term) return Mul(*(coeff + [self.func(base, Add._from_args(tail))])) else: return result def as_real_imag(self, deep=True, **hints): if self.exp.is_Integer: from sympy.polys.polytools import poly exp = self.exp re_e, im_e = self.base.as_real_imag(deep=deep) if not im_e: return self, S.Zero a, b = symbols('a b', cls=Dummy) if exp >= 0: if re_e.is_Number and im_e.is_Number: # We can be more efficient in this case expr = expand_multinomial(self.base**exp) if expr != self: return expr.as_real_imag() expr = poly( (a + b)**exp) # a = re, b = im; expr = (a + b*I)**exp else: mag = re_e**2 + im_e**2 re_e, im_e = re_e/mag, -im_e/mag if re_e.is_Number and im_e.is_Number: # We can be more efficient in this case expr = expand_multinomial((re_e + im_e*S.ImaginaryUnit)**-exp) if expr != self: return expr.as_real_imag() expr = poly((a + b)**-exp) # Terms with even b powers will be real r = [i for i in expr.terms() if not i[0][1] % 2] re_part = Add(*[cc*a**aa*b**bb for (aa, bb), cc in r]) # Terms with odd b powers will be imaginary r = [i for i in expr.terms() if i[0][1] % 4 == 1] im_part1 = Add(*[cc*a**aa*b**bb for (aa, bb), cc in r]) r = [i for i in expr.terms() if i[0][1] % 4 == 3] im_part3 = Add(*[cc*a**aa*b**bb for (aa, bb), cc in r]) return (re_part.subs({a: re_e, b: S.ImaginaryUnit*im_e}), im_part1.subs({a: re_e, b: im_e}) + im_part3.subs({a: re_e, b: -im_e})) from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import atan2, cos, sin if self.exp.is_Rational: re_e, im_e = self.base.as_real_imag(deep=deep) if im_e.is_zero and self.exp is S.Half: if re_e.is_extended_nonnegative: return self, S.Zero if re_e.is_extended_nonpositive: return S.Zero, (-self.base)**self.exp # XXX: This is not totally correct since for x**(p/q) with # x being imaginary there are actually q roots, but # only a single one is returned from here. r = self.func(self.func(re_e, 2) + self.func(im_e, 2), S.Half) t = atan2(im_e, re_e) rp, tp = self.func(r, self.exp), t*self.exp return rp*cos(tp), rp*sin(tp) elif self.base is S.Exp1: from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp re_e, im_e = self.exp.as_real_imag() if deep: re_e = re_e.expand(deep, **hints) im_e = im_e.expand(deep, **hints) c, s = cos(im_e), sin(im_e) return exp(re_e)*c, exp(re_e)*s else: from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import im, re if deep: hints['complex'] = False expanded = self.expand(deep, **hints) if hints.get('ignore') == expanded: return None else: return (re(expanded), im(expanded)) else: return re(self), im(self) def _eval_derivative(self, s): from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import log dbase = self.base.diff(s) dexp = self.exp.diff(s) return self * (dexp * log(self.base) + dbase * self.exp/self.base) def _eval_evalf(self, prec): base, exp = self.as_base_exp() if base == S.Exp1: # Use mpmath function associated to class "exp": from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp as exp_function return exp_function(self.exp, evaluate=False)._eval_evalf(prec) base = base._evalf(prec) if not exp.is_Integer: exp = exp._evalf(prec) if exp.is_negative and base.is_number and base.is_extended_real is False: base = base.conjugate() / (base * base.conjugate())._evalf(prec) exp = -exp return self.func(base, exp).expand() return self.func(base, exp) def _eval_is_polynomial(self, syms): if self.exp.has(*syms): return False if self.base.has(*syms): return bool(self.base._eval_is_polynomial(syms) and self.exp.is_Integer and (self.exp >= 0)) else: return True def _eval_is_rational(self): # The evaluation of self.func below can be very expensive in the case # of integer**integer if the exponent is large. We should try to exit # before that if possible: if (self.exp.is_integer and self.base.is_rational and fuzzy_not(fuzzy_and([self.exp.is_negative, self.base.is_zero]))): return True p = self.func(*self.as_base_exp()) # in case it's unevaluated if not p.is_Pow: return p.is_rational b, e = p.as_base_exp() if e.is_Rational and b.is_Rational: # we didn't check that e is not an Integer # because Rational**Integer autosimplifies return False if e.is_integer: if b.is_rational: if fuzzy_not(b.is_zero) or e.is_nonnegative: return True if b == e: # always rational, even for 0**0 return True elif b.is_irrational: return e.is_zero if b is S.Exp1: if e.is_rational and e.is_nonzero: return False def _eval_is_algebraic(self): def _is_one(expr): try: return (expr - 1).is_zero except ValueError: # when the operation is not allowed return False if self.base.is_zero or _is_one(self.base): return True elif self.base is S.Exp1: s = self.func(*self.args) if s.func == self.func: if self.exp.is_nonzero: if self.exp.is_algebraic: return False elif (self.exp/S.Pi).is_rational: return False elif (self.exp/(S.ImaginaryUnit*S.Pi)).is_rational: return True else: return s.is_algebraic elif self.exp.is_rational: if self.base.is_algebraic is False: return self.exp.is_zero if self.base.is_zero is False: if self.exp.is_nonzero: return self.base.is_algebraic elif self.base.is_algebraic: return True if self.exp.is_positive: return self.base.is_algebraic elif self.base.is_algebraic and self.exp.is_algebraic: if ((fuzzy_not(self.base.is_zero) and fuzzy_not(_is_one(self.base))) or self.base.is_integer is False or self.base.is_irrational): return self.exp.is_rational def _eval_is_rational_function(self, syms): if self.exp.has(*syms): return False if self.base.has(*syms): return self.base._eval_is_rational_function(syms) and \ self.exp.is_Integer else: return True def _eval_is_meromorphic(self, x, a): # f**g is meromorphic if g is an integer and f is meromorphic. # E**(log(f)*g) is meromorphic if log(f)*g is meromorphic # and finite. base_merom = self.base._eval_is_meromorphic(x, a) exp_integer = self.exp.is_Integer if exp_integer: return base_merom exp_merom = self.exp._eval_is_meromorphic(x, a) if base_merom is False: # f**g = E**(log(f)*g) may be meromorphic if the # singularities of log(f) and g cancel each other, # for example, if g = 1/log(f). Hence, return False if exp_merom else None elif base_merom is None: return None b = self.base.subs(x, a) # b is extended complex as base is meromorphic. # log(base) is finite and meromorphic when b != 0, zoo. b_zero = b.is_zero if b_zero: log_defined = False else: log_defined = fuzzy_and((b.is_finite, fuzzy_not(b_zero))) if log_defined is False: # zero or pole of base return exp_integer # False or None elif log_defined is None: return None if not exp_merom: return exp_merom # False or None return self.exp.subs(x, a).is_finite def _eval_is_algebraic_expr(self, syms): if self.exp.has(*syms): return False if self.base.has(*syms): return self.base._eval_is_algebraic_expr(syms) and \ self.exp.is_Rational else: return True def _eval_rewrite_as_exp(self, base, expo, **kwargs): from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp, log if base.is_zero or base.has(exp) or expo.has(exp): return base**expo evaluate = expo.has(Symbol) if base.has(Symbol): # delay evaluation if expo is non symbolic # (as exp(x*log(5)) automatically reduces to x**5) if global_parameters.exp_is_pow: return Pow(S.Exp1, log(base)*expo, evaluate=evaluate) else: return exp(log(base)*expo, evaluate=evaluate) else: from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import arg, Abs return exp((log(Abs(base)) + S.ImaginaryUnit*arg(base))*expo) def as_numer_denom(self): if not self.is_commutative: return self, S.One base, exp = self.as_base_exp() n, d = base.as_numer_denom() # this should be the same as ExpBase.as_numer_denom wrt # exponent handling neg_exp = exp.is_negative if exp.is_Mul and not neg_exp and not exp.is_positive: neg_exp = exp.could_extract_minus_sign() int_exp = exp.is_integer # the denominator cannot be separated from the numerator if # its sign is unknown unless the exponent is an integer, e.g. # sqrt(a/b) != sqrt(a)/sqrt(b) when a=1 and b=-1. But if the # denominator is negative the numerator and denominator can # be negated and the denominator (now positive) separated. if not (d.is_extended_real or int_exp): n = base d = S.One dnonpos = d.is_nonpositive if dnonpos: n, d = -n, -d elif dnonpos is None and not int_exp: n = base d = S.One if neg_exp: n, d = d, n exp = -exp if exp.is_infinite: if n is S.One and d is not S.One: return n, self.func(d, exp) if n is not S.One and d is S.One: return self.func(n, exp), d return self.func(n, exp), self.func(d, exp) def matches(self, expr, repl_dict=None, old=False): expr = _sympify(expr) if repl_dict is None: repl_dict = {} # special case, pattern = 1 and expr.exp can match to 0 if expr is S.One: d = self.exp.matches(S.Zero, repl_dict) if d is not None: return d # make sure the expression to be matched is an Expr if not isinstance(expr, Expr): return None b, e = expr.as_base_exp() # special case number sb, se = self.as_base_exp() if sb.is_Symbol and se.is_Integer and expr: if e.is_rational: return sb.matches(b**(e/se), repl_dict) return sb.matches(expr**(1/se), repl_dict) d = repl_dict.copy() d = self.base.matches(b, d) if d is None: return None d = self.exp.xreplace(d).matches(e, d) if d is None: return Expr.matches(self, expr, repl_dict) return d def _eval_nseries(self, x, n, logx, cdir=0): # NOTE! This function is an important part of the gruntz algorithm # for computing limits. It has to return a generalized power # series with coefficients in C(log, log(x)). In more detail: # It has to return an expression # c_0*x**e_0 + c_1*x**e_1 + ... (finitely many terms) # where e_i are numbers (not necessarily integers) and c_i are # expressions involving only numbers, the log function, and log(x). # The series expansion of b**e is computed as follows: # 1) We express b as f*(1 + g) where f is the leading term of b. # g has order O(x**d) where d is strictly positive. # 2) Then b**e = (f**e)*((1 + g)**e). # (1 + g)**e is computed using binomial series. from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp, log from sympy.series.limits import limit from sympy.series.order import Order from sympy.core.sympify import sympify if self.base is S.Exp1: e_series = self.exp.nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx) if e_series.is_Order: return 1 + e_series e0 = limit(e_series.removeO(), x, 0) if e0 is S.NegativeInfinity: return Order(x**n, x) if e0 is S.Infinity: return self t = e_series - e0 exp_series = term = exp(e0) # series of exp(e0 + t) in t for i in range(1, n): term *= t/i term = term.nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx) exp_series += term exp_series += Order(t**n, x) from sympy.simplify.powsimp import powsimp return powsimp(exp_series, deep=True, combine='exp') from sympy.simplify.powsimp import powdenest from .numbers import _illegal self = powdenest(self, force=True).trigsimp() b, e = self.as_base_exp() if e.has(*_illegal): raise PoleError() if e.has(x): return exp(e*log(b))._eval_nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx, cdir=cdir) if logx is not None and b.has(log): from .symbol import Wild c, ex = symbols('c, ex', cls=Wild, exclude=[x]) b = b.replace(log(c*x**ex), log(c) + ex*logx) self = b**e b = b.removeO() try: from sympy.functions.special.gamma_functions import polygamma if b.has(polygamma, S.EulerGamma) and logx is not None: raise ValueError() _, m = b.leadterm(x) except (ValueError, NotImplementedError, PoleError): b = b._eval_nseries(x, n=max(2, n), logx=logx, cdir=cdir).removeO() if b.has(S.NaN, S.ComplexInfinity): raise NotImplementedError() _, m = b.leadterm(x) if e.has(log): from sympy.simplify.simplify import logcombine e = logcombine(e).cancel() if not (m.is_zero or e.is_number and e.is_real): if self == self._eval_as_leading_term(x, logx=logx, cdir=cdir): res = exp(e*log(b))._eval_nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx, cdir=cdir) if res == exp(e*log(b)): return self return res f = b.as_leading_term(x, logx=logx) g = (b/f - S.One).cancel(expand=False) if not m.is_number: raise NotImplementedError() maxpow = n - m*e if maxpow.has(Symbol): maxpow = sympify(n) if maxpow.is_negative: return Order(x**(m*e), x) if g.is_zero: r = f**e if r != self: r += Order(x**n, x) return r def coeff_exp(term, x): coeff, exp = S.One, S.Zero for factor in Mul.make_args(term): if factor.has(x): base, exp = factor.as_base_exp() if base != x: try: return term.leadterm(x) except ValueError: return term, S.Zero else: coeff *= factor return coeff, exp def mul(d1, d2): res = {} for e1, e2 in product(d1, d2): ex = e1 + e2 if ex < maxpow: res[ex] = res.get(ex, S.Zero) + d1[e1]*d2[e2] return res try: c, d = g.leadterm(x, logx=logx) except (ValueError, NotImplementedError): if limit(g/x**maxpow, x, 0) == 0: # g has higher order zero return f**e + e*f**e*g # first term of binomial series else: raise NotImplementedError() if c.is_Float and d == S.Zero: # Convert floats like 0.5 to exact SymPy numbers like S.Half, to # prevent rounding errors which can induce wrong values of d leading # to a NotImplementedError being returned from the block below. from sympy.simplify.simplify import nsimplify _, d = nsimplify(g).leadterm(x, logx=logx) if not d.is_positive: g = g.simplify() if g.is_zero: return f**e _, d = g.leadterm(x, logx=logx) if not d.is_positive: g = ((b - f)/f).expand() _, d = g.leadterm(x, logx=logx) if not d.is_positive: raise NotImplementedError() from sympy.functions.elementary.integers import ceiling gpoly = g._eval_nseries(x, n=ceiling(maxpow), logx=logx, cdir=cdir).removeO() gterms = {} for term in Add.make_args(gpoly): co1, e1 = coeff_exp(term, x) gterms[e1] = gterms.get(e1, S.Zero) + co1 k = S.One terms = {S.Zero: S.One} tk = gterms from sympy.functions.combinatorial.factorials import factorial, ff while (k*d - maxpow).is_negative: coeff = ff(e, k)/factorial(k) for ex in tk: terms[ex] = terms.get(ex, S.Zero) + coeff*tk[ex] tk = mul(tk, gterms) k += S.One from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import im if not e.is_integer and m.is_zero and f.is_negative: ndir = (b - f).dir(x, cdir) if im(ndir).is_negative: inco, inex = coeff_exp(f**e*(-1)**(-2*e), x) elif im(ndir).is_zero: inco, inex = coeff_exp(exp(e*log(b)).as_leading_term(x, logx=logx, cdir=cdir), x) else: inco, inex = coeff_exp(f**e, x) else: inco, inex = coeff_exp(f**e, x) res = S.Zero for e1 in terms: ex = e1 + inex res += terms[e1]*inco*x**(ex) if not (e.is_integer and e.is_positive and (e*d - n).is_nonpositive and res == _mexpand(self)): try: res += Order(x**n, x) except NotImplementedError: return exp(e*log(b))._eval_nseries(x, n=n, logx=logx, cdir=cdir) return res def _eval_as_leading_term(self, x, logx=None, cdir=0): from sympy.functions.elementary.exponential import exp, log e = self.exp b = self.base if self.base is S.Exp1: arg = e.as_leading_term(x, logx=logx) arg0 = arg.subs(x, 0) if arg0 is S.NaN: arg0 = arg.limit(x, 0) if arg0.is_infinite is False: return S.Exp1**arg0 raise PoleError("Cannot expand %s around 0" % (self)) elif e.has(x): lt = exp(e * log(b)) return lt.as_leading_term(x, logx=logx, cdir=cdir) else: from sympy.functions.elementary.complexes import im try: f = b.as_leading_term(x, logx=logx, cdir=cdir) except PoleError: return self if not e.is_integer and f.is_negative and not f.has(x): ndir = (b - f).dir(x, cdir) if im(ndir).is_negative: # Normally, f**e would evaluate to exp(e*log(f)) but on branch cuts # an other value is expected through the following computation # exp(e*(log(f) - 2*pi*I)) == f**e*exp(-2*e*pi*I) == f**e*(-1)**(-2*e). return self.func(f, e) * (-1)**(-2*e) elif im(ndir).is_zero: log_leadterm = log(b)._eval_as_leading_term(x, logx=logx, cdir=cdir) if log_leadterm.is_infinite is False: return exp(e*log_leadterm) return self.func(f, e) @cacheit def _taylor_term(self, n, x, *previous_terms): # of (1 + x)**e from sympy.functions.combinatorial.factorials import binomial return binomial(self.exp, n) * self.func(x, n) def taylor_term(self, n, x, *previous_terms): if self.base is not S.Exp1: return super().taylor_term(n, x, *previous_terms) if n < 0: return S.Zero if n == 0: return S.One from .sympify import sympify x = sympify(x) if previous_terms: p = previous_terms[-1] if p is not None: return p * x / n from sympy.functions.combinatorial.factorials import factorial return x**n/factorial(n) def _eval_rewrite_as_sin(self, base, exp, **hints): if self.base is S.Exp1: from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import sin return sin(S.ImaginaryUnit*self.exp + S.Pi/2) - S.ImaginaryUnit*sin(S.ImaginaryUnit*self.exp) def _eval_rewrite_as_cos(self, base, exp, **hints): if self.base is S.Exp1: from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import cos return cos(S.ImaginaryUnit*self.exp) + S.ImaginaryUnit*cos(S.ImaginaryUnit*self.exp + S.Pi/2) def _eval_rewrite_as_tanh(self, base, exp, **hints): if self.base is S.Exp1: from sympy.functions.elementary.hyperbolic import tanh return (1 + tanh(self.exp/2))/(1 - tanh(self.exp/2)) def _eval_rewrite_as_sqrt(self, base, exp, **kwargs): from sympy.functions.elementary.trigonometric import sin, cos if base is not S.Exp1: return None if exp.is_Mul: coeff = exp.coeff(S.Pi * S.ImaginaryUnit) if coeff and coeff.is_number: cosine, sine = cos(S.Pi*coeff), sin(S.Pi*coeff) if not isinstance(cosine, cos) and not isinstance (sine, sin): return cosine + S.ImaginaryUnit*sine def as_content_primitive(self, radical=False, clear=True): """Return the tuple (R, self/R) where R is the positive Rational extracted from self. Examples ======== >>> from sympy import sqrt >>> sqrt(4 + 4*sqrt(2)).as_content_primitive() (2, sqrt(1 + sqrt(2))) >>> sqrt(3 + 3*sqrt(2)).as_content_primitive() (1, sqrt(3)*sqrt(1 + sqrt(2))) >>> from sympy import expand_power_base, powsimp, Mul >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> ((2*x + 2)**2).as_content_primitive() (4, (x + 1)**2) >>> (4**((1 + y)/2)).as_content_primitive() (2, 4**(y/2)) >>> (3**((1 + y)/2)).as_content_primitive() (1, 3**((y + 1)/2)) >>> (3**((5 + y)/2)).as_content_primitive() (9, 3**((y + 1)/2)) >>> eq = 3**(2 + 2*x) >>> powsimp(eq) == eq True >>> eq.as_content_primitive() (9, 3**(2*x)) >>> powsimp(Mul(*_)) 3**(2*x + 2) >>> eq = (2 + 2*x)**y >>> s = expand_power_base(eq); s.is_Mul, s (False, (2*x + 2)**y) >>> eq.as_content_primitive() (1, (2*(x + 1))**y) >>> s = expand_power_base(_[1]); s.is_Mul, s (True, 2**y*(x + 1)**y) See docstring of Expr.as_content_primitive for more examples. """ b, e = self.as_base_exp() b = _keep_coeff(*b.as_content_primitive(radical=radical, clear=clear)) ce, pe = e.as_content_primitive(radical=radical, clear=clear) if b.is_Rational: #e #= ce*pe #= ce*(h + t) #= ce*h + ce*t #=> self #= b**(ce*h)*b**(ce*t) #= b**(cehp/cehq)*b**(ce*t) #= b**(iceh + r/cehq)*b**(ce*t) #= b**(iceh)*b**(r/cehq)*b**(ce*t) #= b**(iceh)*b**(ce*t + r/cehq) h, t = pe.as_coeff_Add() if h.is_Rational and b != S.Zero: ceh = ce*h c = self.func(b, ceh) r = S.Zero if not c.is_Rational: iceh, r = divmod(ceh.p, ceh.q) c = self.func(b, iceh) return c, self.func(b, _keep_coeff(ce, t + r/ce/ceh.q)) e = _keep_coeff(ce, pe) # b**e = (h*t)**e = h**e*t**e = c*m*t**e if e.is_Rational and b.is_Mul: h, t = b.as_content_primitive(radical=radical, clear=clear) # h is positive c, m = self.func(h, e).as_coeff_Mul() # so c is positive m, me = m.as_base_exp() if m is S.One or me == e: # probably always true # return the following, not return c, m*Pow(t, e) # which would change Pow into Mul; we let SymPy # decide what to do by using the unevaluated Mul, e.g # should it stay as sqrt(2 + 2*sqrt(5)) or become # sqrt(2)*sqrt(1 + sqrt(5)) return c, self.func(_keep_coeff(m, t), e) return S.One, self.func(b, e) def is_constant(self, *wrt, **flags): expr = self if flags.get('simplify', True): expr = expr.simplify() b, e = expr.as_base_exp() bz = b.equals(0) if bz: # recalculate with assumptions in case it's unevaluated new = b**e if new != expr: return new.is_constant() econ = e.is_constant(*wrt) bcon = b.is_constant(*wrt) if bcon: if econ: return True bz = b.equals(0) if bz is False: return False elif bcon is None: return None return e.equals(0) def _eval_difference_delta(self, n, step): b, e = self.args if e.has(n) and not b.has(n): new_e = e.subs(n, n + step) return (b**(new_e - e) - 1) * self power = Dispatcher('power') power.add((object, object), Pow) from .add import Add from .numbers import Integer, Rational from .mul import Mul, _keep_coeff from .symbol import Symbol, Dummy, symbols